![]() ![]() Part One deals with the elements in Europe's strength, technological, political and intellectual. This book presents a case study of Europe's impact on an old and distinctive non-European civilisation. Based on this study, it can be inferred that birds have played an important role in Javanese culture. There are only 13 names which are Sanskrit in origin. The orders whose members appear most often are Passeriformes (18), Columbiformes (7), Pelecaniformes (6), Ciconiiformes (5), and Cuculiformes (5). The birds mentioned in KR are predominantly residents, some are regular visitors or vagrant, and only a few are absent. The results showed that 84 bird names are mentioned in the Kakawin Rāmāyana, belonging to 26 families, and 17 orders. This article presents the results of an ethnoornithology study that tried to identify all bird names mentioned in Kakawin Rāmāyana (KR), an old Javanese poem, using a qualitative method, mainly interpreting KR text based on an ethnoornithological approach. For example, birds have been culturally used as sources of folk stories, myths, illustrated old manuscripts, paintings on relief walls of temples, and inspiration of writers to make poems. Birds have played an important role in Javanese culture for a long time. ![]() Ethnoornithology: Identification of bird names mentioned in Kakawin Rāmāyana, a 9th-century Javanese poem (Java, Indonesia). Mulyanto D, Iskandar J, Gunawan R, Partasasmita R.
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